KOHTpaCT MOKJiy MHHMOÍÍ « 3araflOHHOCTbK) » H nOHJJIblM, TyCKJIbIM 4>HHajlOM « poMaHTHKa », CTaBiuero ÆioHCHHHbiM n0MemnK0M-6aii6aK0M.
    MeTKOCTb caTHpHHecKoro y/iapa npoTHB nceBflopoManTMKH, peajincTHMecKH 3pejioe npoHHKHOBeHHe b ee coKpoBeHHyio cymHOCTb 6mjih BbicoKo oueHeHbi
B.	r. BeJIHHCKHM, KOTOpblif yjjeJIHJI CTHXOTBOpeHHK) MejlOaeK, KCIKUX MHOaO 3Ha-HMTejibHoe MecTo b cBoeH cTaTbe B3ZAHÒ ho pyccKym .mmepamypy 1845 z.1
    Pa3BeHiaHHe xoayjibHoro « poMaHTHnecKoro » repoa h oAHOBpeMeHHO— snH-roHCKOH poMaHTHHecKoii jiHTepaTypbi TypreHeB npoaoji*Hjr h b cbohx 6ojiee KpynHbix npoH3BeaeHHHx 40-x rouoB. TaK, HanpwMep, b nbece HeocmopooKHOcmb (1843) nwcaTejib, ncnojib3ya npweMbi napoxiHH, BbicMeaJi «KpoBaBbie» poMaHTH-HecKHe apaMbi « njiama h KHHXcajia », a b noBecTH Epemep ( 1847) npM/iaji oxaejrbHbie caTHpHHecKHe nepTbi o6pa3y rpyôoro npoBHHunajibHoro apMeRcKoro o(})Huepa Aßflea JlynKOBa, noapaacaBiuero 6afipoHHHecKOMy repoio b toh HeyKjHOHceii, HeJienoH h H3BpameHHOH (j)opMe, b jcoTopoii oôjihk nepcoHaweñ BañpoHa Bocnpn-HHMajiCH b ye3AHOH oôbiBaTeJibCKoü cpeae.
    OcyacfleHHe snnroHCKoro poMaHTH3Ma 6bi;io TOJibKo HanajioM oöpameHHH TypreHeBy k carape. Ee 3JieMeHTbi 3BynaT othctjihbo bo MHornx ero npoH3Be-aeHHax nepnoAa 40-x toaob, no Mepe Bee 6ojiee peanHCTHMecKH-ÆocroBepHoro OTpaaceHH» coBpeMeHHoii eMy counajibHOH aeHCTBHTejibHOCTH h pa3o6jiaHeHHH caMo/tep5KaBHo-KpenocTHHHecKHX nopamcoB. 3cTeTHwecKHe no3HuwH TypreHeBa-peajiHCTa 6buw b 3tot nepnoa TecHO CBH3aHbi c ero B3rjismaMH Ha cymnocTb h Ha3HaweHHe KOMHnecKoro b HCKyccTBe, 6jih3khmh k cyacaeHHflM B. T. Bcjihh-CKoro h H. B. rorojia. FIofloÔHO hm TypreHeB ycMaTpHBaji ocHOBHoe Ha3HaneHHe KOMHHeCKOro (B OCOÔeHHOCTH — CaTHpbl) B BOCnHT3HHH BblCOKHX rpaXCflaHCKHX HyBCTB, nepeaoBbix HaeajioB, 6e3 KOTopbix, yKa3biBajr oh, ocMe»Hne nopoKOB 6ecnpeaMeTHO h ôecuejibHo: « .. .6e3 ropanen jik)6bh h Bepbi — hpohhh — apaHb
—	h KpHTHKa xy>Ke 6paHH » 2.
    B 40-e rr. no3HUHH TypreHeBa-peajiHCTa, ero cbh3h c HanpaBJienneM namy-paAbHoü UIKOAOÜ onpeflejiHjiHCb He TOJibKo ero 3CTeiHMecKHMH Bsrjia/iaMH 3Toro nepvio/ia h n.aeHHO-3CTeTnwecKHM B03fleñcTBHeM EejiHHCKoro h Totojih, ho h cjieAOBaHHeM rorojieBCKHM caTHpHHecKHM TpaaniiHflM. y TorojiH TypreHeB Bonpn-Hiui ero peajiHCTHMecKHH MeToa rjiyôoKoro hpohhkhobchhh b fleíícTBHTeabHocTb, iunpoKoro oxBaTa hbjichhh oómecTBeHHoñ jkh3hh, ee « aHaTOMHpoBaHHH », no onpeaeaeHHM EejiHHCKoro, BcecTopoHHero BocnpoH3BeaeHH» couHajibHoií cpeflbi h 6biTa bo Bcex hx noapoGHocrax. TypreHeB pa3BHji b cBoeM TBopnecTBe psm TeM H3 npoH3BefleHHii TorojiH h ero ocHOBHbie xyaojKecTBeHHbie npHHUHnbi cara-pwHecKOH oöpHCOBKH BHeuiHe noHTeHHbix, a no cymecTBy — rjiyóoKo oTpnua-TeJIbHblX ABJieHHH.
    riepBbie TypreHeBCKHe npoH3BeaeHHa, b KOTopbix nncaTejib cjieayeT roro-jieBCKOÍi caTwpHHecKOH MaHepe, eme hocht noflpaacaTeJibHbiH xapaKTep, KaK 6bi noflwepKHyTbiH caMHM TypreHeBbiM. TaKOBbi paccKa3-uiyTKa TioxoMcdenun nod-jtopyuuKa EyÓHOea (1842) h KOMeann EesdeneMCbe (1846), b KOTopoií ochobhoíí nepcoHa», )Ka3HKOB, HMeeT OHeHb 6jiH3Koe cxo^ctbo c XjiecTaKOBbiM. Ho yace b no3Me IJoMeufuK (1846), nanHcannoH b »aHpe (fiu3uojioeuuecKoao ouepKa, BecbMa pacnpocTpaHeHHoro b TBopnecTBe iiHcaTejiefi HamypaAbHoü iukoau, TypreHeB, xoTH h opneHTHpyeTca Ha TBopnecKHe npHHUHnbi Torojia, pa3pa6aTbiBaeT hx TBop-HecKH, caMocTOflTejibHO, 6e3 3JieMeHT0B noapa>KaHH5i. B 3toh nosMe TypreHeB
     1	Cm.: B. r. BejiHHCKHií, ÍJo.ih. coôp. cou., t. IX, 1955, CTp. 380.
     2	M. C. TypreHeB, Coôp. cow. b 12 TOMax, t. XII, 1958, CTp. 158.
156