236
MMXAÍÍ HOBHKOB
10
poMaHTHMecKoro TBopwecTBa1. A 3Ta nocjieaeiiHa cocTosuia b nepByio onepezib b ynopHOM OTKa3e npn3HaBaTb scTeTHnecKoe 3HaneHHe jho6oíí npaKTHHecKOH ^eHTenbHOCTH, o neM c rjiyóoKoií npoHHuaTejibnocTbK) nncaji eme TepueH — tjjaKT, noflMepKHyTbiii h3mh b apyroM coo6meHHH2. PoMaHTHHecKHM 6yHT hcchk cTaB-HHTejibno óbicTpo; npeBpamaacb b iuyMJiHBoe, ho 6ecnjioflHoe ceTOBaHHe, oh, ecTecTBeHHO CTaji BOcnpHHHMaTbca c nopHuaHHeM, h Æawe c OTBpameHHeM.
    HecKOJibKO 3a6eraa Bnepea, nyBCTyeM HeoôxoÆHMocTb yTOHHHTb, hto ot-liKDflb He BxoflHT b, Haine HaMepeHHe CBOflHTb noHATHe «peajiH3M» k xapaKTepHbiM nepTaM nocjiepoMaHTHHecKoro peanH3Ma XIX BeKa. Hao6opoT, eme o^hok noMexoíi Ha nyTH a/ieKBaTHoro onpeflejieHH» peajiH3Ma Mbi CHHTaeM w aanacTyio CBepuiaiomyiocH noHTH He3aMeTHO no/iMeHy ero co,nep>KaHHH oæhoh H3 ero pa3-HOBHaHOCTeñ3, cKOJib 3HaMHTejibH0H He ôbijia 6bi TaKOBaa c HCTopHKO-JiHTepaTyp-HOH TOHKH 3peHHH. TaK HanpHMep, H3BeCTHbIH TeopeTHK B. CyMKOB B CBOeñ KHHre HcmopmecKue cydbóbi peciMi3Ma CMHTaeT eyuiHOCTbio peajiHCTHHecKoro Merojia COHHajTbHblH aHajlH3, npHHHHHOe IIOHHMaHHe ÆeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H OÓbeKTHBHO-anajiHTMwecKoe eë H3o6paa<eHHe, Bejiymee k THnimuHH4. KoMMeHTHpya sth Bbi-BOflbr, JT. THMO([)eeB bhaht b nepeHHC.nenHbix 0C06enH0CTax «re 06mecTBeHH0-HC-TopHHecKHe 3KCTpa-(})aKTopb], K0T0pbie na npoTHaceHHH BeKOB onpeAejiaHDT pa3-BHTHe b KanHTajiHCTHHecKOM oómecTBe peajiH3Ma» 5. Mbi .nyMaeM, hto BepHee 6bijio 6bi BH/teTb b 3thx xapaKTepHbix nepTax 0CH0BHbie oco6chhocth nocjiepoMaH-THwecKoro peajiH3Ma XIX BeKa. Ho Toraa caMO co6oñ pa3yMeeTca, hto ohh HenpHMeHMMbi æjih onpeaejieHHJi peajiH3Ma BooGme. B toíí *e Mepe HaM Ka>KeTC}i He njiOAOTBopHoií h npoi HBoriojio'A'naa nosHuna npn KOTopoñ peaJiH3M Booóme CBOÆHTCH JTHIUb K O/THOÍf H3 ero pa3HOBHflHOCTeíí, HÔO BOCnpHHHMaeTCH JIHUIb KaK jiHTepaTypHoe TeneHHe TaKoñ *e MCTopHKO-jiHTepaTypHOH 3HaHHMOCTH, KaK jnoGoe apyroe TeneHHe6. C Hameñ ace CTopoHbi Mbi oco6o ocTaHOBHMca Ha «cpaaceHHH
     1	Mbi co3HaTenbHO oSoiilth Eonpoc o pa3rpaHHHeHHHX bhvtph po\ianTHMCCKoro ncKyccTBa, HeCMOTpjI Ha TO, HTO OH TpaKTyeTCH KaK HeHTpajlbHblíi MHOIHMH MCCJieaOBaTejTXMH. A nOCTy-nHJiH Mbi TaK noTOMy, hto CHHTaeM cooTBeTCTByiomHe pa^rpanHHenHa bhcjthtepaTypHbiMH. Ko-HeHHO, c tohkh 3penn» HCTopHH HHTepaTypbi b ee caMoií o6meñ c|)op,\ic npe/iCTaBj'ine r HHTepec, K3KOÍÍ HMeHHO HfleaJI npOTHBOnOCTaBJlHJI JieíiCTBHrejIbHOCTH TOT HJIH flpyroñ pOMaHTHK — TOCKy no npoiujiOMy, hjih, mokct 6biTb eme neacnoe, CTpeMJieHHe k jiynuieMy ôyuyineviy. Ho c TOHKH 3peHHfl COOTHOIIieHHH «pOMaHTH3M — peaJIH3M» 3T0T acneKT BOnpOca He npeflCTaBJIÍier HHTepeca. H TaK naibiBaeMbic «pcaKUHOiinbie» poMaHTHKH h nporpeccHBHbie BbicTynajiH b ozih-HaKOBOíí CTeneHH, KaK anrHpeajiticrbi.
      2	Ner[en scriitor b 'A'ypna.ie «Studii si cercetàri de istorie literarà çi folclor», XI! (1963) Xa. 1 - 2, CTp. 123 - 130.
     3	nyraíiHua, npoTHB KOTopoíí mw npe;iyripc>KaaeM 6hjio nojiMeneno h P. JIkoGcohom eme b 1921 r. b cTaTbe O xydoJtcecmeewtoM peamsMe, nepeneHaTaHHoft b «Théorie de la littérature», Paris, 1965, CTp. 98 —108.
     4	E. C y h k o b, HcmopmecKue cydbóbi pea/iu3Ma, MocKBa, 1967, CTp. 11 — 24.
     5JI. TKMOijieeB, Memod 3icueoíi, deuMcyu/uiic», «Bonpocbi jiHTepaTypw», MocKEa,JVs. 1/196&Í ctP. 4.
    8 «PeanH3M h HaTypa:iH3M, b apaMC h poMarie, — nHuiyT, HanpHMep, aMepHKancKHe Teo-peTHKH P. y 'WijieK h A. YoppeH, — 3to He 5ojiec neM jiHTepaTypHtie hjih ([)M;i0C0(J¡CK0-.nHTe-paTypHbie /(bhíkchiih, ycji03H0CTH, cthjih, KaK h pom3hth3m hjih cioppeaiiH3M. PaanHHHe Meacay HHMH COOTBeTCTByeT He paiiTHHHIO Me>Kfly fleñCTBHTeJTbHOCTblO H MJlJlI03Hefl, a pa3J!HHHIO MeíKfly pa3HbIMH KOHUenUMHMH O fleHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH H pa3HbIMH THnaMH HJIJH03HÍÍ» (PeHe y3J!JieK m O c t mi y oppeH, Teorie literarà, EyxapecT, 1967, CTp. 282).