232
MHXAH HOBHKOB
6
H3o6paacaa CBoe co6cTCTBeHHoe cymecTBOBaHHe, Tax KaK ecjra 6bi oho npoHcxo-AH.no BHe HCTOpHH H 6e3 UejIM, KaK aÒCOJlKDTHblH 3CTCTHMeCKHH BbIMbICejI», TO eCTb — OTKJIOHeHHe OT 5KH3HCHHOH npaB^bl BeJlO H K yiUeMJieHHK) peaJlH3Ma. «IIlHpoKoe h flojiroBpeMeHHoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe pbmapcKoro poMaHa 0Ka3aji0 ÔOJIbUIOe BJIHSHHe, H MMeHHO B OrpaHHMHTeJIbHOM CMbICJie, Ha JlHTepaTypHblH peajiH3M, eme ao Toro KaK aHTHWHaa Teopwa pa3JiHMHbix cthjihcthmcckhx njiaHOB, CTajia AeñcTBeHHbiM cJ)aKTopoM b tom »e OrpaHHMHTeJIbHOM HanpaBjieHHH»1. C HeyKjTOHHOìi nocjieaoBaTejibHocTbio aBTop npHMeHaeT tot >Ke KpHTepHH h npH pa36ope xipyrHX jiHTepaTypHbix aBJieHHÜ: b cpe/iHeBKOBOM xpHCTHaHCKOM ncKyc-CTBe peajiHCTHHecKHÌi sjieMeHT iiBjiaeTca «6yÆHHMH0 peajiHCTHHecKHM», b to BpeM» KaK peajiH3M Hapo,zmoro cjiapca «He bhxo/ikt 3a paMKH 6ecco^epacaTejibHoro KOMH3Ma»2. Ha npoTHBonojioacHOM nojiioce peanH3M .Hanre, oneHHBaeMbiii KaK «H3yMHTejibHoe HBjieHHe», sto no cymccrBy hhoh peanH3M, noTOMy hto 3,n,ecb «CXOflCTBO» HpC3BbIliaHH0 paCIUHpCHHO: «nOflpa'A'C'HHe ZieiiCTBHTejTbHOCTH 03IialiaeT noapa>KeHMe MyBCTBenuoMy onbiTy, toìì 3cmhom >kh3hh, KOTopaa nacMHTbmaeT cpeflH CBOHx o6o3HaHaiomHX npHMeT h raKne cyinecTBemibie /lamibie KaK hctophh-HOCTb, npeo6pa30BaHHe h pa3BHTHe; KaK ne BenHKa 6biJia 6bi CBoGo^a, KOTopoñ oöJiaaaeT b cBoeM TBopnecTBe noflpa>KaiouiHH nosT, oh He MO>KeT H3bHTb H3 fleHCTBHTejibHOCTH 3Toro KanecTBa, HBjisnomeroca ero cymHofi cymHOCTbio»3.
    TaKHM 06pa30M, KaK-To He3aMeTH0, nepBoe noHHMaHHe (peaJiH3M = H3o6pa-3KeHHK> XieHCTBHTejIbHOCTH) CJlHBaeTCH BOeflHHO CO BTOpblM, npH KOTOpOM peaJ!H3M coBna^aeT c nasHaMeimcM ncKyccTBa BbiHBJiaTb h pacnpocrpaHflTb cyuiecTBCHHbie HCTHHbi o HejioBenecKOH 5KH3HH. B cyuTHOCTH, K 3TOMy CBOflHTCH h rjiaBHbiit apry-MeHT CTOpOHHMKOB 6e3TpaHHHHOrO peajlH3Ma. «HeT HCpeajIHCTHHeCKOrO HCKyCCTBa, yTBepacflaeT Po>K3 TapoflH, to ecTb TaKoro, KOTopbiìi He coothochjic» 6hc .aeñcTBH-TejibHocTbK) cymecTByiouieH Bue MenoBeKa h He3aBHCHM0 ot Hero». npHMeHH-TenbHO k Ka(J)Ke, HanpHMep, ero TBopMecTBO MO*eT SbiTb BKjnoneHo b peajiH3M, nocTOJibKy, nocKOJibKy oho OMeHb eepiw OTpa>KaeT Tpare/mio nenoBeKa 6ypa<ya3-Horo MHpa, KOTopbTH, H3-3a cneuH(J)HHecKHX OTHomeHHH, o6pa3yiomHxca 3/iecb Me»/iy HHflHBHAyyMOM h oKpyaoiomeH ero oöinecTBeHncH cpe/ioft, TepaeT BcaKHe
HJTJT103HH B CBH3H C CBOHM nOHO>KeHHeM. He nOflJlOKHT COMHeHHK), MTO B CHJiy TaKOTO
KpHTepun jiioòoe nenepexoaamee npoH3BeaeHHe HCKyCCTBa ,hoji>kho cMHTaTbca peajIHCTHHeCKHM. Ho HHTepeCHO, MTO Ha HeCKOJlbKO CXOÆHOM OÓOCHOBaHHH BKJ1IO-MaeTCH B COUHaJlHCTHMeCKHH peajlH3M n033HH MaaKOBCKOrO, B TO BpeMH KaK flJlH no33HH nacTepHaKa, KaK Mbi sto BHflejw, HmeTca MecTO r^e-TO BHe 3Toro jniTepa-TypHoro TeneHHa. Ho HCTpy/iHO 3aMeTHTb, mto c tomkh 3peHna CTporo xyzioace-CTBeHHO-JlHTepaTypHCH pa3J!HHHe Me5KAy TBOpMeCTBOM MaaKOBCKOrO H nacTepHaKa ne b CTeneHH «c6jiH>KeHH5i» c >KH3HeHH0H npaBAOìi, a cKopeñ b CTeneHH coBnafleHHsr c comiajiHCTHMecKoìi HAeiÌHOCTtKi. He cjiynaíÍHo üacTepHaK nncaji, mto oh He Mor noHHTb «nponaraHAKCTCKoro ycep^Ha» MaaKOBCKOrO4.
    Bce *e h o no33HH nacTepHaKa hhk3k Hejib3H 6buro 6bi CKa3aTb, mto ona ne nOflBOflHT Hac K OTKpbITHK) OMeHb E3>KHbIX HCTHH B CBH3H C COBpeMeHHblM MeJTO-
    1	y K. u cm., CTp. 142 — 148.
    2	Tom 3<ce, CTp. 170 h cji.
    3	T a M 3K e, CTp. 206.
  1 Eopac ÜacTepHaK, Jliodu u no.iovcenun, «Hobhh mhp», .Ns. 1 /1967, cip. 230.