15
«PEAJIH3M» - nO AAHHbIM CJIABHHCKMX JIHTEPATyp
241
OHepHeHblH npüKTHMeCKHH CMbICJI. BbiaBJICHHe 3TOrO y3JIOBOrO MOMeHTa oßbac-HHeT h opraHHHecKyio CBa3b, noAnepKHyTyio mhothmh KpHTHKaMH — HanpHMep, BpyueTbepoM h Th6oa3 bo OpamniH — Meac/iy kphihmcckhm peajiH3M0M (hjih HaTypajiH3MOM, KaK ero Toraa na3biBajin) h iio3hthbhctckoh (})Hjiocod)HeH. A tot <j)aKT, hto b flojibiue BHaiibie npe/jcTaBHTejiH KpHTunecKoro pea;iH3Ma Aaace caMH ceßa oöbüBHJin no3HTHBHCTaMH, kohchho, He ßyayTO apryMeHTOM, aßjiaeTca Bce 3«e 4peäBbi4aHno CHMnTOMaTHMHbiM. KaK H3BecTHO, b nojibCKoü JiHTepaType, B toh a<e Mepe Kaie b >kh3hh h b (})hjioco4>hh, no3HTHBHCTCKoe HanpaBjieHHe poamiocb KaK peaKUHH nporaB poMaHTHnecKoii KOHuenuHH o nyTax ocßoßo>KAeHHa nopaßo-meHHOH poflHHbi1. 3noxa MaKCHMajibHoro pacußeTa Hoßoro CTpoa, ycTaHOBjieH-hoto noejie noßeabi 6ypacya3HH Haa c[)eoAajiH3MOM (b eaponeHCKOM Macmraße) HeyMOJiHMO BcraBajia nepea B3opoM coBpeMeHHincoB KaK snoxa TpnyMcj)a npaKTHKH: yTorTHiecKHe mcmtm pyiummcb OAHa 3a Apyroö, noBcto/iy ycTaHaBjiHBajiocb Heoc-noptiMoe rocnoflCTBO uCjieycTpcMjieHnocTH. Ta >kc uejieycTpeMJieHHOCTb naiiHHajia rocnoflCTBOBaTb h b JiHTepaType. H GbiJia jih 3Ta iiejib hhcto acTeTHwecKofi; (KaK y Ojioßepa), hjih nbrrajiacb jta>Ke KomcypupoBaTb c HayKoii (3ona), hjih xce ropAH-jiacb CBoeß cjiyaceÖHOH pojibio (KaK y pyccKHX peajiHCTOß), JiHTepaTypa BHflejia b nan6ojiee BepHOM B0cnp0H3Be/ieimH AeficTBHTejibHOCTH coKpoBeHHbiii cmhcji cbo-cr o cyujecTBOBaHHH. CaMO coßoii pa3yMeeica, sto CTpeMJieHHe rapMOHHHuo yBa3bi-Bajiocb c peajiHCTHMCCKOH scTeTHHecKOH no3HuneH h flaace yKpenjiano ee, ho h 3to He ziaeT HaM npaßa oToxcAecTBjurrb peajiH3M JiHiub c oahom H3 ero pa3HOBM/i-nocreii. Hßo KaK TaK0B0e, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH ot 3creTHiecKOH ho3hhhh, cTpeMjie-HHe KaK moäho ßojibuie «npHÖJiH3HTb» xy/ioxceciBemiyio KapTHny k AeöcTBHTejib-HOCTH He HeCOBMeCTHMO C pOMaHTH3MOM. He uajio 3a6bIBaTb, HTO HMeHHO 3TO TpeöoBaHHe ctoht b ueurpe nporpaMMHoro ripeAHCJioBHH Tioro k ero zipavie KpoMsejib, npe/iHCJiOBHa cnpaBejjjiHBO CHHTahomeiocii eßanrejmeM poMaHTH3Ma. «ripaBflHBOCTb» CBOHCTBeHHa H MHOTHM np0H3Be/xeHH5IM HyiHKHHa, MHHKeBHMa, JlepMOHTOBa. OnpeziejiaiomeH AJia peajiH3Ma He aßjiaeTca npaBAHBOCTb caMa no ceße, a ee aHTHpoMaHTHHecKoe oßocHOBaHHe, oßpamemie jihhom k >km3hh KaK ocTeTHHecKaa 3anawa, KaTeropHMecicoe yTBepacAeHHe Bepw b to, hto TOjibKO TaK xyaoÄHHK MO/Kex aoÖHTbCH BcecTopoHHero BonjiomeHHfl cßoero H^eajia. He cjiy-naimo b TBopneciBe kphtkhcckhx peajiHCTOß — y TypreHeBa, ToHMapoßa, 3jih3m OaceuiKO, Elpyca, VlBa.ua Ba30Ba, EjiHHa nejiHHa, PeÖMOHTa h AP-, — oahhm H3 H3JHo6jieHHbIX MOTHBOB aBJiaeTCH KpyiUeHHe pOMaHTHHeCKHX HJIJH03HH. TpareAHH HenpncnocoöJieBueB pa3HHHHbix THnoB 3Bynajia KaK neyMOJiHMoe ocyxAeHHe po-MaHTHMeCKOrO OTHOIlieilHH K >KH3HH (h HCKyCCTBy).
    HHoraa onpeflejieHHe peaJiH3Ma cboahtch k TpeßoßaHHio thhhhhocth. 3Ta TOMKa 3peHHH OCHOBblBaeTCH, KaK npaBHJIO, Ha H3BeCTHbIX BbICKa3bIBaHHHX 3h-rejibca b nncbMe k Mhhhc KayTCKOH. Ho TepaeTCH H3 BH^y tot c|)aKr, hto b stom AOKyMeHTe nacTHoro xapaKTepa BejiHKHH apyr MapKca He hmcji b BHfly peajiH3Ma ßooßme, a JiHiub peajiH3M CBoero BpeMeHH, h hmchho counajiHCTHMecKHM TeHAeH-HH03HHH pOMaH, KOTOpHH B TeX yCJIOBHaX pa3pbIBaJI «TOCQOACTByKDIHHC yCJIOB-Hbie HJUH03HH..., pacmaTbiBaa onTHMH3M 6ypacya3Horo MHpa, Bcejiaa coMnenHa no noBOAy HeH3MeHHocTH ochob cymecTByiomero nopaAKa, xoTa 6bi aBTop He npeAJiaraji ripn stom HiiKaKoro onpeAejieHHoro peuienHa h Aaace hhoh pa3 He
      1 Cm. b cbshh c 3thm: C t a h Bejia, Reymont, EyxapecT, 1966, cTp. 55 h cji.
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