jiioflH KHH3H ôojibmeii MacTb» Haônpa^HCb H3 pHflOB HCCBoGoflHux. GnywSa, KOTOpyiO OHH HCCJIH, HOCHJia XapaKTCp IIOBIIHHOCTH. Ho eCJIH B HanaJIbHÜM nepHOfle rocyflapcTBeHHoii >kh3hh cJiyHUiJibix juoach HaônpajiH H3 necBO-ÔOflHHX, TO n03flHee, OHIl npOHCXOflHJIII rJiaBHHM 06pa30M M3 CBOÔOAHblX jiroseâ, K0T0pue nocTynajm Ha cJiy>K6y, îtma naTpoHaT 6ojiee ciwibHbix juoach. 9tot aKT 6hji BupajKeHHOM hx cbo6oahoh bojih h B03Harpa>KAaJiCH >KaJioBaHHCM 3eMJin. Co BpeMeHGM, Kor^a npHHHHH fl06p0B0JibH0r0 coria-ineHiiH CTaji npeoSjiaAaTb, yTpaMHsajicH xapaKTep HOBOJibHOH cjiy>i<6bi. 9tot npHHHHn ^oôpoBOJibHoro hccchhh cJiywGbi n0JiyHHJi mnpoKoe npuMe-HCHiie b apeBHen Pyca, ocoôeHiio b nepnoA (jieoAaJibHoii pa3Ap06ji0HH0CTH, Kor^a CBo6oAHHe cjiyrn HMeJiii npaBO Buôopa — «orbesAa». 3to npaBo hc-ne3aeT c 06pa30BaHHCM HCHTpajiH30BaHH0r0 rocynapcTBa.
II
    üo Mepe Toro, KaK npiinniin AoCpoBOJibuoro corjiaïueHHH yTBcpîKAajicn Bce rjiyÔHîe, CTapui TepMHH paôoma nocTcneHHO iicH03aeT, h cro 3aMCH;iioT HOBblM TepMHHOM CAIJMCÔa.
    HaniiHan c XIII BCKa TepMiiH cAyotcôa ynoTpeÔJiHeTCH b abohhom sua-HCHHH AJIH o6o3HaHCHHH OTHOHieHHH <j>COAaJIbHOH 3ABHCHMOCTH : 1) Baccajlb-IIUX OTHOHieHllH H 2) OTHOHICHHH KpeCTbHH 1? HX 3CMJICBJiaAeJIbHy.
    B cpeflHeBeKOBOH Pycn, Korfla kto-jih6o 6paji na cc6h 06fl3aHH0CTb HecTH BaccajibHyio cjiywôy — b AOKyMCHTax yiioTpe6jiHJiHCb cJiOAyiom,Hc BbipajKeHiifl: «iiMeTb cJiyHîiiTH», «j'hhct CJiy*HTH», «6hji hcjiom b cJiyarôy».
    OfllIH 113 nepBHX HCTOMHHKOB, B KOTOpOM npHMCHHCTCH TCpMHH CAyMCÔa,
othochtch k 1289 r.: «Tor^a 60 lOpbii IlopocKHH wioyjKame MbCTHCJiaBoy, a nepBoe CJioy>KHUiH BojioAHMHpy»1. Ohcbhaho, hto penb hact 0 BoeHHoii cJiyæôe.
    BbAHMO, MTO O BOCHHOH CJiyH<6e, XapaKTCpHOH AJIH BaCCaJlbHMX OTHO-meHHH, iiACT pcHb b npjiuKc TaTapcKoro xaHa 1315 r.: «crAa 11a cjioy>K6y Haray c Hamiix yjiycoB noBejniM paTi» coGiipara»2. PyccKiie KHHSbH b Ka-necTBe BaccaJioB 3ojiotoh OpAU aojihîhu 6mjih npHHHTb y^acTHe b bochhux noxoAax Taxap.
    B XIV b. TepMHH cjiyotcôa noiiynaeT Bce Sojibinee npuMeHCHHe. Mm BCTpenaeM cro b 3aBemaHiin ÜBaHa KajiiiTbi, b kotopom oh wajiyeT BopHCKy Bopi.KOBa cejioM hoa ycJioBHeM HecennH cjiyîKÔu: «aæe HMeTb cbiny MOCMy KûTopoMy cjiy>KHTH, ceao 6yAeT 3a hum; ho hmct jih cJiy>KHTH actcm mohm CCJIO OTOHMyTb»3.
   B 1353 r., b 3aBemaHiiH khh3h CeMcona ÜBaHOBHHa roBopHTCH o oiyjKÔe 6oHp: «a kto mohxt. 6oap HMeTb oiyjKHTH y Moee khhthhh»4.
    B nepHOA 4>eoAaJibHOH pa3Apo6^CHHOCTH TepMHH CJiyoKÔa ninpoKo 6biJi Hcn0Jib30BaH b AoroBopHhix rpaMOTax. B 3thx rpaMOTax o6ycJiaBJiH-BaeTCH HeccHne bochhoh cjij’/KÔu b cbh3h c 30MJi0BJiaAeHHCM. B 1390 r. yroHHHeTCH, hto cJiyjKÔy HaAO hccth TOMy k h h 310, KûTopoMy 6hji mcjiom :
     1	CPE3HEBCKHÏÏ, III, 420. Hn. jieTonncb, 1289 r.
     2	Co6panue ¿oc. epaMom u doioeopoe, CIIB, 1813, II, nr.'7 (nowjeJiKa).
     3	TlaMHmnuKu pyccnoeo npaea, III, CTp. 256.
     4	CoôpaHne roc. rpaMOT h AoroBopoB, CIIB, 1813, I, JV» 24, CTp. 38.
35*
547