«Kto KOTOpOMy KH<«\3y CJiy>KIIT, TflO 6h H1I JKHJI, TOMy C TeM KH/A30M H exaTH, KOMy CJiy/KHT»1.
    B floroBope 1434 r. 06«3aHH0cra cJiy/Kiuioro aejioBeKa, b cbh3h c 3eM^CBJiaflCHMeM, iu.rpaH;eHi.i em,e 6ojiee hcho: «a r#e 6yflOT htbth namuM paTCM, h rfle kto hchbct, b HamHX oramiax, h kto KOMy cJiy>Kbrr, tot c cbohm ocno^apeM 11 efleT»2.
     3eMJieBJiafleJibi;bi Ghjih o6fl3aHM hoctii Boemiyio CJiyaróy TOMy khji3io, KOTOpOMy npiIHOCJIH IipHCHry BCpHOCTH, He3aBHCIIM0 OT Toro, Tfle HaXOflHJIIICb ero BJiaflCHHH.
    B pyccKiix ncTOHHHKax noMHMo ynoTpeCjieHHH TepMiiHa cAywcóa co 3HaHCHH0M BI.IIIieyKa3aHHMM, Olt npHMOHHJICH II C flpyrHM 3HaHeHHCM, a HMC'HHO flJIH o6o3HaqeHHH IIOBHHHOCTCH 3aBHCIIMbIX KpeCTbHH3. Ha PyCH TepMiiH cjiywcóa c 3thm 3HaHemieM npHMeHHJica eme b XI BeKe. TaK, b OniICaHHH HÍII3HH OeOflOCHH, COCTaBJieHHOH HeCTOpOM , BCTpOHaiOTCH ynOMH-naHHH cjiyr, oSnsaHHbix Hecra cjiyw6y4. B nepuofl $e0flaJibH0H pa3,npo6jieH-HOCTM, nepHOfl OT KOTOporO COXpaHHJIOCb MHOrO HMMyHHTCTHUX rpaMOT, HOBHHHOCTH 3aBHCHMHX KpeCTbHH OHeHb HaCTO 0603HaHaJIHCb TepMIIHOM cjiywcóa. B 3tom oTHomeHuii xapaKTepHa HíajioBamiaH rpaMOTa BejiHKoro KHH3H TBepcKoro Bacnjina MuxañjioBHHa TBepcKOMy Oipo^y, MOHacrapro Ha ero bottohm (XIV b.), b KOTopoñ hobhhhocth KpeCTbHH nasuaHbi cjiy>K6oH5.
    B pyccK0-JiHT0BCK0M rocyflapcTBe TepMHH CJiyMCÓa noJiynaeT omchb inupoKoe npiiMeHeHHe c flBOHHbiM 3HaneHHeM, yKa3aHHUM Bbime; pa3JiHHai0T cjiyotcóy aeMCKyio (BoeHHyw) h cjiywcóy msiejiyw — KpecTbHHCKyio.
    Hctomhhkh, othochiu,hcch k HCTopHH pyccKo-jiHTOBCKoro rocyflapcraa, BHHBJIHKJT HOJIHOCTblO B aeM COCTOHJia CJiyJKSa 3eMCKaH . B HHX yKa3bIBaeTCH , hto TaKoñ-To «BepHHH CJiyra» 6y«eT Hecra «BepHyio c;iy>K6y»... «c Toro cejia cJiyHíHra k Hameñ noTpe6ii3He KonbeM h «ByMH CTpeJibijbt»6, hjih ?Ke 6yflCT Hecra CJiy>KÍÍy «KOHeM», hjiii ate CJiyH{6y CJiy>KHTb GyflCT «/jocnexoM ii KoneM, KaK >Ke to flo6pHe jiio^h», hjih Hte «kohhoio CJiy>KÚoio cJiy>KHTH »7. IInor;ia eme yTOHHHeTCH hto BepHHH CJiyra: «biihch GyflCT Ha Boihiy 3 HaMH h 3 noTOMKaMii HamiiMii, oh caM h «era ero e3flHTH»8. B o^hom 113 flOKyMOHTOB Ha 3eMJicBjiafleHiie yKa3HBaeTCH hto 3eMJieBJiaflejien; «... MeniKaeT Ha numxTy TaTapcKOM 11 3aB>Kfl,H ropjia CBoero Ha cJiy*5e Hamofi He JiioTyeT»9. B flpyroM MecTe yTOHHHCTCH, hto cjiy>K6a 3eMCKaH coctoht b tom, hto6h «npoTHBy HenpiiHTejieH nannix, h bchkoio n0B0JibH0CTbi0, HaKJiaflOM CTaTKOB cbohx, He jiiiTyioHH ropjia CBoero, oxorae k HaM 3acjiyroBaji»10.
    B XV BeKe b JiHTOBCKo-pyccKOM rocyAapcTBe «hobhhhocth KpeCTbHH Ha3HBajiHCb «cjiy/Kñoü rarjioH». KpecTbHHe-o6m0HHHKH, «cyceflM» aoji>khi>i
     1	Anmu Apxeozpa^uiecKoü dncnedimuu, CIIB, 1836, I, J\B 10.
     2	Co6p. eoc. ipa.uom u doeoe., I, JV» 52, CTp. 109.
     3	IIaMnmnuKu pyccKOíO npaea, III, CTp. 518.
    1	CPE3HEBCKIÍK. III, 423.
     8 TI aMnmnuKu, III, CTp. 95.
     6	Anmu IOmhoü u 3anad. Poccuu, CIIB, 1863, I, JV» 15, CTp. 9.
      7	T a.H otee, JV» 231.
     8	Tom Me, JV» 22.
     8 Aicmu 3an. Poccuu, I, JN» 201.
    10 Tom Me, JMS 218.
548